To better understand the limits to DNA barcoding and the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the usual barcode gap pattern, here we use birds to test whether differences within and among species conform to neutral theory, the reigning null hypothesis for mitochondrial sequence evolution –. A decade of DNA barcoding has generated libraries representing hundreds of thousands of vertebrate and invertebrate species, offering an unprecedented window into genetic variation. COI barcode differences within animal species are usually much less than differences among, a pattern often referred to as a “barcode gap,” making it generally straightforward to match unknowns to reference sequences –. In animals, the agreed-upon standard is a 648 base pair fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI).
DNA barcoding is a practical method for distinguishing species using a short DNA sequence from a standardized location on the genome.
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